What causes gum disease?

The main cause of Periodontal (gum) disease is the formation of dental plaque, which forms a sticky film on the tooth surface. Plaque contains bacteria, which release toxins that can damage the gums. If allowed to accumulate, plaque causes inflammation of the surface of the gums known as 'Gingivitis'. This inflammation will resolve if the plaque is removed through cleaning of the teeth and no permanent damage is done.

As the amount of plaque increases it can begin to mineralise and form tartar (calculus). Such hard deposits have a rough surface and allow more plaque formation and further damage to the gums.

If plaque accumulates for a long time the changes it causes in the gums can lead to loss of the bone support, a condition known as 'Periodontitis'.

 

Smoking and tobacco use

Research suggests that smoking increases the risk of developing periodontal disease and that it may accelerate the damage caused to the tissues through periodontal disease.

Smoking also reduces the ability of your gums to heal properly following treatment, which may mean a less successful treatment outcome. Patients who smoke are also more prone to developing post-operative infections following treatment and for these reasons all patients are encouraged to attempt to quit smoking as part of their periodontal therapy.

Risk factors

A number of risk factors that may increase a patient's chances of developing gum disease have been identified. Pregnancy and puberty, grinding or clenching of teeth, stress and genetics have all been associated with more severe breakdown of the supporting structures of the teeth and need to be considered and addressed as part of an overall treatment approach.   

Your general health

An individual's general health may make them more susceptible to gum diseases. Diabetes is a recognised risk factor that can complicate treatment. Certain medications may cause enlargement of the gums, making oral hygiene efforts more difficult.

A poor diet may give rise to a deficiency of certain nutrients, making the gum tissues more fragile and less resistant to disease.